Wednesday, September 14, 2011

从税收的角度来看Google Adsense 的问题



Google Adsense是个不错的商业模式,但自推出到现在,在Google总营收中收所占比例,从最开始的40%~50%降到现在的30%,估计2011年可能要低于30%了(Link)。我好奇为什么Adsense没有呈现爆发性的增长,给Google的总营收做出更大的贡献。下面从税收的角度来简单分析一下Google Adsense的问题。

要讨论税收,先要界定通过Adsense模式获得的收入是属于什么样的收入?通常参与Adsense项目的有两类主体:1)个人网站/博客的所有者 2)公司。

如果是个人参与Adsense, 其收入在美国被认为是self-employment所得,在中国被认为是个人劳务所得。美国认定为self-employment所得,个人要把Adsense总收入减去租用服务器,购买域名,宽带费用等成本,来计算应纳税收入这和公司缴税有点类似。以Google Adsense为例,减去成本之后的应纳税收入超过400刀时,个人开始要缴税,税率是13.3% (2011年的税率,其中10.4% for Social Security and 2.9% for MedicareLink) 。中国认定为个人劳务所得,个人的Adsense收入必须由谷歌公司代为扣税,个人不用缴税,这和公司代员工缴税类似,但其实Adsense用户和Google并没有雇佣/被雇佣关系。由于Google Adsense在中国没有本地化,因此没有按照中国的代缴代扣的法规行事,这里以百度联盟(百度copy adsense的产品)为例百度联盟每个结算周期支付给个人的金额,要按照国家个税规定代扣个人劳务所得税金额低于4000元时,扣800元,金额高于4000元时,扣除800元后,余额按照20%的税率征税。

如果参与Adsense的主体是公司,那么征税就很简单了,按照有限责任公司的标准来缴税就行了,中美都是如此。我在网上看到有建议收入不错的Adsense个人用户去注册公司来避税的(Link),除去注册公司/维持公司运营带来的诸多麻烦和潜在成本之外,对于年收入超过20,000刀的adsense用户来说,注册公司是个可行的思路,何况美国还有S-corp这种小公司种类来专供Adsense用户选择。而在中国,有人计算月广告收入在1455元以上时,公司用户可能比个人用户缴税更少一些(Link),当然这是百度联盟的数据,而且非常理想化。

回到开始提到的Adsense的问题。Adsense模式在美国缴税看起来十分顺利,因为美国的个税申报制度很完善也很灵活,美国的个人站长用Adsense赚点外快还是很容易的事情,但要想在其他国家推广和实施Adsense模式却没那么简单了,如何处理税收很关键。

对于个人从Adsense获得的收入,国家收税不外乎第三方代缴代扣和个人自行申报/自行缴纳两种。

第三方代缴代扣要求Google在当地开设公司,按照当地法律法规承担扣税缴税的义务。设想如果全球所有国家都是通过代缴代扣的方式来对Adsense收入收税,Google要做以下事情:

1)在全球每一个国家/地区都注册一家公司
2)获取所有当地Adsense个人用户的详细信息,尤其是个人缴税信息,提交给当地政府
3)替和自己没有雇佣/被雇佣关系的个人用户缴税,当然也享受Adsense用户32%的分成
4)帮助和自己没多大关系的当地政府扣税,当然还要缴纳注册公司的税收

这些事情对于Google来说,大多吃力不讨好。除非当地的adsense市场十分活跃,能给Google带来足够多的利润分成,除非当地的个人用户对于自己的个人信息,尤其是额外收入的信息提交给政府没有担忧,否则Google犯不着去干这种收集验证用户信息交给政府(可能得罪用户),还要承担漏税风险(对用户没什么掌控),同时还可能赚不到钱的事情。拿天朝做例子,很多有名气的博主都是拿网名经营博客,为了点adsense收入,把个人信息悉数交给政府,估计很多人不愿意的。这样一来,Google Adsense在通过第三方代缴代扣来征税的国家的扩张其实是动力不足的。
(P.S. 本地化有个好处,就是Adsense的付款到账速度比从美国寄支票要快,支票还要兑现什么的,可能一个月之后才能到账。)

那么在依靠个人自行申报/自行缴纳税收的国家呢?这种情况下,Google似乎什么事情都不用做了,因为缴税的任务全部落在adsense个人用户身上。以下问题需要提出:

1)当地的立法必须与时俱进,能够对这种依靠网络赚取的广告服务收入进行界定,个人才能顺利的申报缴纳税收。Adsense刚出来的时候,是一种创新的商业模式,促进了虚拟世界里的价值流动。美国是在2005年才将Adsense税收归类成Service tax (Link),其他国家的立法更慢,可以说到即使到现在,很多国家的税法都没有对adsense模式的收入进行明确的说明。法律没有跟上,报税征税就无法顺利进行,如此带来的逃税漏税,使Adsense在当地的扩张和发展受到限制,至少不会得到政府公开的支持。

2)即使个人能够依法在当地顺利申报和缴纳Adsense税收,但是,由于这种模式是个人和一家美国公司之间的经济往来,当地税务部门其实很难对个人申报缴纳的Adsense税收进行核实和监管。自行报税缴税是将纳税人的缴税义务完全归还给个人,但同时政府应该拥有随时对税收数据进行核查的能力。例如在美国,Google要把adsense收入超过600刀的美国用户信息提交给美国政府,但对于和Google没有监管关系的外国政府,这种信息显然很难得到。

3)经常会发生Google冻结海外Adsense账户的事情,原因是因为该账户所拥有的网站有U.S. Activities,但没有向美国缴税比如该网站使用设在美国的服务器,利用美国的资源人力进行开发营销。根据Adsense的官方说明(Link),对于租用美国服务器是否属于US Activity也是十分模糊的。对于海外Adsense用户来说,向美国缴税,或者不用美国的资源/No US Activity 都是很头疼的事情。一旦发生违反规定的情况,Google会毫不留情的冻结Adsense账户。

综上,Google Adsense增长缓慢,在全球扩张乏力,和Adsense这种模式对税收提出的挑战有很大的关系。如果不能建立适应本地化的税收渠道,Adsense顶多只能在美国玩玩,在其他国家很难长远发展,这就给本土公司留下了机会。

Adsense的问题是由它的本身的模式决定的,它加速了网络虚拟世界信息运转的效率,创造了新的价值,但由于虚拟世界的边界和现实世界大相径庭,对于虚拟世界经济活动产生价值的认定和管理,不能简单套用现实世界的法律和经验,这是个很有意思的话题,下次找到好的切入点再写。

Saturday, August 27, 2011

What is considered intelligent?

 In the book Amusing Ourselves to death,  Neil Postman pointed out, in an oral culture people with good memory or people with power to invent compact sayings of wide applicability are considered intelligent. The good example is the wise Solomon, who had three thousand proverbs in his head.

While Postman did not explain the relationship between good memory and compact sayings, I found in another book Walter Ong cast a bunch of insight on this topic. Per Ong, compact saying or proverb, indeed, is the vital way for people in oral culture to store and exchange information. Imagine in the old oral time when there are no written words, memory is the only library you can refer to. A well composed proverb with rhythm not only conveys the literal meaning, but also stores the live scene where the story of the proverb happens, thus the proverb is perfect for memorizing and mouth to mouth communication.

Ong went further, compact saying or proverb is the way how people in oral culture think or tell the truth, in some tribes the proverb is the law.  It must be very interesting to watch a scene like this: in a south pacific tribe, two men were in such a serious conflict that one wanted to kill the other guy. The chief showed up and set up a court for the case. The old chief picked up one proverb from his head “mhm, dmas, sdaets” (Love is the only gold), spoke loudly to the two men, magically the case was settled, the two men shook hands and went back home peacefully: )  Now you can imagine Solomon, the man with three thousand proverbs in mind, how powerful and intelligent he was in his age.

Nowadays people who know a lot of proverbs should be considered old-styled or classical, rather than intelligent. You may ask what is considered intelligent today? Well, personally I really admire people who are with good memory and read a lot books. The culture in which I was brought up is a mixture of orality, printing and TV. In my childhood, most of the joy I got is in an oral environment, while most of the knowledge I learnt about the society and humanity is from TV; school is just all about examinations. I didn’t feel the importance of the printing until I was in the college, and fell in love with the girl all kinds of bizarre theories. I still have all the admiration to the great intelligence in the oral or printing culture, even though I’ve been immersed in the electrical and the Internet age today.  

What is considered intelligent in the Internet age? I don’t know the answer yet, but I believe playing with real-time information is dangerous to the intelligence cuz it makes you an information processor rather than a wisdom owner.  Knowing a lot of information in the Internet age is not like reading a lot book in the printing age, you are overwhelmed with information and has little time to think.

Say, if you still treat the Internet as a tool, then knowing how to make best use of the tool can be intelligent. With this powerful tool, you could make your life easier. However, if the Internet is no more a tool to you, you just live a virtual life in the cybernetic space, probably you don’t need intelligence any longer. Become the bot of the Great Wisdom, you’ll never die.